Biochem Pharmacol. 1992 Jun 9;43(11):2359-68.
Porphyrogenic properties of the terpenes camphor, pinene, and thujone (with a note on historic implications for absinthe and the illness of Vincent van Gogh).
Bonkovsky HL1, Cable EE, Cable JW, Donohue SE, White EC, Greene YJ, Lambrecht RW, Srivastava KK, Arnold WN.
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Abstract
Camphor,
alpha-pinene (the major component of turpentine), and thujone (a
constituent in the liqueur called absinthe) produced an increase in
porphyrin production in primary cultures of chick embryo liver cells. In
the presence of desferrioxamine (an iron chelator which inhibits heme
synthesis and thereby mimics the effect of the block associated with
acute porphyria), the terpenes enhanced porphyrin accumulation 5- to
20-fold. They also induced synthesis of the rate-controlling enzyme for
the pathway, 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase, which was monitored both
spectrophotometrically and immunochemically. These effects are shared by
well-known porphyrogenic chemicals such as phenobarbital and
glutethimide. Camphor and glutethimide alone led to the accumulation of
mostly uro- and heptacarboxylporphyrins, whereas alpha-pinene and
thujone resulted in lesser accumulations of porphyrins which were
predominantly copro- and protoporphyrins. In the presence of
desferrioxamine, plus any of the three terpenes, the major product that
accumulated was protoporphyrin. The present results indicate that the
terpenes tested are porphyrogenic and hazardous to patients with
underlying defects in hepatic heme synthesis. There are also
implications for the illness of Vincent van Gogh and the once popular,
but now banned liqueur, called absinthe.
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