تک‌رنگ‌بینی Monochromacy و یا کوررنگی کامل نوع نادری از این اختلال است که در آن هیچ‌یک از انواع سلولهای مخروطی فعال نیستند و فرد قادر به تشخیص هیچ رنگی نیست.
دورنگ‌بینی
دورنگ‌بینی Dichromacy در صورتی ایجاد میشود که یکی از سه نوع سلول مخروطی فاقد رنگ‌دانه باشد. گونه‌ها:
- سرخ‌کوری protanopia اختلالی در تشخیص رنگ که در آن فرد مبتلا توانایی تشخیص رنگ سرخ را از زرد و سبز ندارد. در این صورت فرد رنگ سرخ را تیره و مایل به سبز می‌بیند.
- سبزکوری deuteranopia اختلالی در تشخیص رنگ که در آن فرد مبتلا توانایی تشخیص رنگ سبز را از سرخ و زرد ندارد. شایع‌ترین نوع کوررنگی است.
- آبی‌کوری tritanopia: اختلال نادری در تشخیص رنگ که در آن شخص مبتلا، به نور آبی حساس نیست و آبی و سبز را با هم اشتباه می‌کند.
سه‌رنگ‌بینی نابهنجار
سه‌رنگ‌بینی نابهنجار یکی از انواع شایع کوررنگی است که در آن هر سه نوع سلول مخروطی فعال هستند ولی در اثر جهش، تحریک‌پذیری یکی از آنها نسبت به طیف نور تغییر یافته‌است.
- سرخ‌دشواربینی Protanomaly: یکی از این حالات است که حساسیت گیرنده‌های رنگ قرمز تغییر می‌یابد و تشخیص دو رنگ قرمز و سبز (زیرا طول موج‌هایشان به هم نزدیک‌تر است) را برای فرد دشوار می‌کند.
- سبزدشواربینی Deuteranomaly: نوع بسیار شایعی از کوررنگی است که در آن تشخیص دو رنگ قرمز و سبز به علت کاهش حساسیت گیرنده‌های رنگ سبز دشوار میشود.
- آبی‌دشواربینی Tritanomaly: نوع نادری است که در آن حساسیت سلولهای مخروطی فرد نسبت به رنگ آبی کاهش می‌یابد و فرد در تشخیص رنگ‌های زرد و آبی دچار مشکل میشود. برخلاف سایر گونه‌ها، آبی‌دشواربینی وابسته به جنس نیست و تعداد زنان و مردان مبتلا به آن همسان است.
نوعی نقصان بینایی که در آن اشیای رنگین به رنگی دیگر و اشیای بی‌رنگ، رنگین به‌نظر می‌رسند، رنگین‌بینی chromatopsia نامیده میشود.
بررسی عصبی شبکیه چشم
زمانی که نور به شبکیه بر خورد می کند توسط سلول های مخروطی و استوانه ای دریافت می شود انها تحریک را به سلول های عصبی دو قطبی منتقل می کنند و سر انچام پیام به سلول های به نام سلول های گانگلیون شبکیه retinal ganglion cells منتقل تا به مغز برسد
چهار نوع از سلول های عصبی در شبکیه هستند که در انتقال نور فعالند
سلول های دو قطبی
سلول های گانگلیونی،
سلول های افقی
سلول های اماکرین amacrine
گیرنده های سروتونین در شبکیه
حدود 33 فرم مختلف از سلول عصبی اماکرین در شبکیه یافت شده است سلول عصبی اماکرین در واقع دندریت هستند و اکسون ندارند و هر سلول اماکرین ارتباط مشخصی بین سلول های دو قطبی و سلول گانگلیونیک دارد
بوسیله رنگ امیزی انتی بادی ضد سرتونین تاکنون دو نوع گیرنده سروتونین در سلول اماکرین در خرگوش تشخیص داده شده است .
ادامه دارد پایان قسمت اول
زیر نویس
سلول آماکرین (انگلیسی: Amacrine cell) گروهی از سلولهای عصبی تحریک شونده (اینترنورون) در شبکیه چشم هستند که فاقد آکسون می‌باشند. این سلولها اصولاً نقش مهاری بر روی سایر نورونهای چشم را دارند و میانجی‌های عصبی مانند گابا و گلیسین آزاد می کنند.
سلول های افقی
Illumination
Center photoreceptor hyperpolarization horizontal cell hyperpolarization Surround photoreceptor depolarization
کار این سلول ها
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